Squamous cell carcinoma is a type of skin cancer caused by an overproduction of squamous cells in the top layer of skin (epidermis). Squamous cells are flat, scale-like cells that make up the epithelial layer that lines and protects various organs and tissues.

Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma is a rare variant that usually develops in the head and neck region, although it can occur in other areas of the body as well. Most commonly, the cancer forms in the minor salivary glands found throughout the upper respiratory and digestive tracts. These glands produce saliva, which plays a key role in digestion and oral health.

doctor examining throat for adenoid squamous cell carcinoma

Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma causes and risk factors

Like many cancers, adenoid squamous cell carcinoma results from cellular DNA damage that causes the cells to multiply uncontrollably. Although the exact cause is unclear, researchers have identified several risk factors, including:

Tobacco and alcohol use - Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption are known risk factors for various head and neck cancers, including adenoid squamous cell carcinoma. These practices can introduce cancer-causing substances (carcinogens) into the mucous membranes of the upper aerodigestive tract, potentially leading to cancer development.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection - Some studies suggest that certain HPV strains, particularly HPV type 16, may increase the risk of developing adenoid squamous cell carcinoma, especially in the tonsils and tongue (oropharyngeal region).
Radiation exposure - Prior radiation therapy to the head and neck may increase the risk of developing certain cancers, including adenoid squamous cell carcinoma.
Occupational exposures - While performing their job duties, some workers are exposed to known carcinogens, such as asbestos, wood dust, diesel exhaust and certain chemicals.
Age and gender - Like many cancers, the risk of developing adenoid squamous cell carcinoma tends to increase with age. For unknown reasons, men are more frequently affected than women.
Genetic factors - Scientists believe there may be a familial predisposition to certain head and neck cancers, including adenoid squamous cell carcinoma.

It is important to note that the development of cancer is often multifactorial. Experts believe that in many cases it results from a complex interplay of genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors.

Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma signs and symptoms

The symptoms of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma can vary based on the location, size and stage of the tumor. In addition to localized pain, some common symptoms include:

A noticeable lump in the mouth, throat or nasal passages
Difficulty swallowing (dysphagia)
Vocal changes
Ear pain
Numbness or tingling sensations in the face, mouth or throat
Bleeding from the mouth or nose
Unexplained weight loss
Persistent bad breath (halitosis)

Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma diagnosis

The diagnostic process for adenoid squamous cell carcinoma typically involves a series of medical evaluations and tests to confirm the presence of cancer, determine its stage and plan appropriate treatment. In addition to a thorough physical examination and detailed medical history assessment, this process may include:

Imaging

Imaging studies can help a physician visualize a tumor, determine its size, location and extent, and assess whether it has spread to nearby structures or distant sites. Common imaging tests include:

Computed tomography (CT) - A CT scan can provide detailed cross-sectional images of a tumor and its relationship to adjacent structures.
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) - MRI uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images of soft tissues, which can be useful for evaluating tumors in the head and neck.

Biopsy

A biopsy is the definitive diagnostic tool for most types of cancer, including adenoid squamous cell carcinoma. During this procedure, a sample of suspicious tissue is removed for analysis in a laboratory. The type of biopsy performed can vary depending on the location of the tumor. Common approaches include:

Fine needle aspiration (FNA) - If the tumor can be accessed with a needle, a thin needle is inserted and used to withdraw a small sample of cells.
Incisional biopsy - A portion of the tumor is surgically removed.
Excisional biopsy - The entire tumor is surgically removed.

The tissue sample obtained from the biopsy is sent to a pathologist, who will examine it under a microscope. This examination can confirm the presence of squamous cell carcinoma and may provide additional details about the characteristics of the tumor, including its grade and stage.

Adenoid squamous cell carcinoma treatment

The optimal approach for managing adenoid squamous cell carcinoma can vary depending on several factors, including the location and stage of the tumor and the patient’s overall health and preferences. Common treatment options include:

Surgery to remove the tumor and a slim margin of surrounding healthy tissue
Lymph node dissection (if the tumor has invaded nearby lymph nodes)
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapy
Targeted therapy
Immunotherapy
trials

It is essential for a patient to discuss their treatment options, the potential side effects and the expected outcomes with their healthcare team, who can provide expert guidance based on the patient’s individual circumstances. Early detection and prompt treatment of adenoid squamous cell carcinoma can significantly impact treatment success and prognosis.

Benefit from world-class care at Moffitt Cancer Center

The multispecialty team in the Cutaneous Oncology Program at Moffitt diagnoses and treats all types of skin cancer, including adenoid squamous cell carcinoma and other uncommon variants. In keeping with our commitment to providing comprehensive cancer care, we also offer screening, staging, support and long-term follow-up services in the same location.

Because the surgeons, medical oncologists, radiation oncologists, dermatologists and dermatopathologists in our Cutaneous Oncology Program work exclusively with skin cancer patients every day, they are uniquely qualified to determine which treatments offer the most promise for each patient’s specific diagnosis. Our treatment plans are customized in several ways, with extensive consideration given to not only outcomes but also quality of life.

You can request an appointment with a specialist at Moffitt by calling 1-888-663-3488 or submitting a new patient registration form online. You do not need a referral.

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