Chondrosarcoma

Chondrosarcoma is a cancer that develops in cartilage, a connective tissue that provides structural support and flexibility to bones throughout the body. The tumor results from the rapid growth and division of cartilage cells.

Usually, chondrosarcoma arises in an upper leg bone (femur), upper arm bone (humerus), pelvic bone or rib. Less often, it develops in the soft tissue surrounding a bone, which is known as extraskeletal or soft tissue chondrosarcoma.

Compared to other bone cancers, such as osteosarcoma and Ewing’s sarcoma, chondrosarcoma is relatively rare.

Chondrosarcoma causes

Chondrosarcoma is primarily caused by abnormal changes in cartilage cells. As a result, the cells grow and divide uncontrollably, leading to the formation of a tumor. While the precise triggers of these cellular mutations are unclear, scientists have identified certain factors that can increase the risk of chondrosarcoma.

Chondrosarcoma risk factors

Because chondrosarcoma is most frequently diagnosed in middle-aged and older adults, scientists believe the risk of its occurrence increases with age. Other risk factors include exposure to ionizing radiation and certain genetic conditions, such as:

• Enchondromas – Benign tumors made of cartilage located inside of bones
• Ollier disease – A grouping of multiple enchondromas, often on the hands
• Maffuci syndrome – Benign tumors composed of blood vessels (hemangiomas) that occur alongside enchondromas
• Multiple exostoses – Clusters of non-cancerous bony growths (osteochondromas)

With that said, the majority of chondrosarcoma cases occur sporadically with no known predisposing factor.

Chondrosarcoma symptoms

The signs of chondrosarcoma can vary based on the location, size and stage of the tumor. Possible symptoms include:

• A visible mass, sometimes with surrounding pain and pressure
• Localized swelling
• Pain that increases in the evening and does not improve with rest but may respond to anti-inflammatory medications
• A fracture resulting from a weakened bone
• Numbness, tingling sensations or incontinence (if the tumor presses on the spinal cord or a spinal nerve root)

Chondrosarcoma diagnostic testing

The diagnostic process for chondrosarcoma typically involves imaging studies and a biopsy. To visualize the affected area of the body, a physician may order:

• X-rays
• Computed tomography (CT) scans
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans

X-rays may reveal abnormal bone or cartilage growth, while CT and MRI scans can provide more detailed images to aid the physician in identifying tumors and assessing their location, size and involvement in surrounding tissues.

A definitive diagnosis of chondrosarcoma may requires a biopsy, which involves obtaining a sample of tumor tissue for microscopic examination by a pathologist, who can identify cancerous cells. The pathologist can also determine the tumor grade, which is crucial for guiding treatment decisions. However, in some circumstances, a biopsy may not be deemed necessary or may be considered too high risk if other factors (imaging, location and clinical history) support the diagnosis of chondrosarcoma.

The collaborative efforts of orthopedic surgeons, radiologists and pathologists are key in ensuring an accurate diagnosis and effective treatment plan tailored to the specific characteristics of chondrosarcoma.

Chondrosarcoma treatment

When possible, surgery is the primary form of treatment for chondrosarcoma. The optimal surgical approach can vary based on the location and size of the tumor. In many cases, a surgeon can achieve a complete excision by removing the tumor along with a slim margin of surrounding healthy tissue. Often times, the missing bone must be reconstructed, typically with a prosthesis or donor bone. After surgery, physical therapy may be recommended to help restore strength and mobility. 

Radiation therapy may be administered post-surgery to target any remaining cancer cells and reduce the risk of recurrence. Chemotherapy is generally less effective for treating chondrosarcoma compared to other types of bone cancer. Although, subtypes of chondrosarcoma may involve the use of chemotherapy. 

Benefit from world-class care at Moffitt Cancer Center

Led by a multispecialty team that focuses exclusively on bone and soft tissue cancers, Moffitt’s Sarcoma Program offers comprehensive diagnostic services and progressive treatment options to patients with chondrosarcoma. We develop an individualized treatment plan for each patient, and then continually refine the plan as necessary to ensure the best possible outcome and quality of life.

Medically reviewed by Dr. Alexander Lazarides

You can request an appointment with a specialist in our Sarcoma Program by calling 1-888-663-3488 or submitting a new patient registration form online. We do not require referrals.