What Is Ovarian Cancer?
Medically reviewed by Robert Wenham, MD, Chair, Gynecologic Oncology Program
Ovarian cancer is often used as a general term that includes many different types of cancers that may arise in the ovaries, fallopian tubes, or the peritoneum (the thin layer of tissue lining the entire inner abdominal cavity). This is because the majority of these cancers are from epithelial (surface) cells that are similar in nature and treatment.
There are a set of these cancers that do arise specifically in the ovaries and include cancers coming from the cells inside the ovaries that produce eggs (germ cells) or the cells that hold the ovaries together and produce female hormones (stromal cells). For women with ovarian-type cancers or any other type of gynecologic cancers, Moffitt Cancer Center is known for providing world-class, individualized treatment, as well as some of the highest survival rates and an improved quality of life.
Types of ovarian cancer
The three main types of ovarian cancer are named for the type of cells in which they originate. These include epithelial tumors (the most common type), stromal tumors and germ cell tumors. Each of these three main ovarian cancer types can be further broken down into subcategories, leading to more than 30 different types. The most common type, epithelial, may have started in the fallopian tubes, or less commonly, the peritoneum.
What are the symptoms of ovarian cancer?
Frequently syptoms aren’t noticeable until cancer has reached an advanced stage, and even then, they can be hard to recognize because they are symptoms that can easily be attributed to other, noncancerous causes. Some examples of these symptoms include:
- Indigestion
- Abdominal bloating or swelling
- Back or pelvic pain
- Menstrual cycle changes
- Unexplained weight loss
- Frequent urination
- Changes in bowels, such as constipation
- Feeling full very quickly after eating
Experiencing one or more of these symptoms does not necessarily indicate ovarian cancer, but it is a good idea to consult with your physician if symptoms have a sudden onset, increasing nature, or if you are feeling at all concerned.
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Schedule an AppointmentWhat causes ovarian cancer?
Cancer may develop when genetic mutations happen in cells giving them the unchecked ability to divide and multiply, accumulating into malignant masses that then spread to other areas. The types of mutations and reasons for them differ among the different “ovarian” cancers. For epithelial cancers, a minority are related to inherited family genes (such as BRCA1 and BRCA2) that put them at risk of developing mutations. Most however are not related to an inherited risk and likely arise from random mutations that may occur more frequently under certain conditions related to more ovulation cycles (early starting of periods, late menopause, low number of pregnancies or less breast feeding).
The role of hormones is complex, with some less common types of epithelial cancers related to endometriosis. Data also shows both decreased and potentially increased risk of cancer depending on type and timing of hormones.
How is ovarian cancer diagnosed?
A physician will typically perform an exam and order imaging tests – such as a transvaginal ultrasound or CT scan – of the patient’s abdomen and pelvis. A blood test may be obtained (often a marker called CA-125), however the use of this test is complicated as it is not a sufficient screening test by itself. Therefore, the decision to do any further investigation (like surgery or a biopsy) is based on a combination of symptoms, risk factors, exam, and radiologic findings.
What are the stages of ovarian cancer?
Ovarian cancer is staged by evaluating aspects of the tumor such as its tissue type (histology), the extent of its spread (stage), and molecular features (genetics and protein targets). This will all be helpful in developing an effective treatment plan.
Stage 1
At stage 1, the cancer is confined to one or both ovaries or fallopian tubes. Stage 1A involves one ovary or fallopian tube, and stage 1B involves both. Stage 1C means the cancer is still limited to the ovaries or fallopian tubes, but the tumor has ruptured, cancer is present on the surface, or cancer cells are found in abdominal fluid or washings.
Stage 2
At stage 2, the cancer has spread from the ovaries or fallopian tubes to other tissues within the pelvis. Stage 2A involves the uterus, fallopian tubes, or ovaries, while stage 2B involves other tissues in the pelvis.
Stage 3
At stage 3, the cancer has spread outside the pelvis to the lining or surfaces of the abdomen and/or to nearby lymph nodes. Stage 3A includes microscopic spread outside the pelvis or spread to nearby lymph nodes only. Stage 3B and 3C describe increasing amounts of visible cancer within the abdomen.
Stage 4
At stage 4, the cancer has spread to distant parts of the body. Stage 4A involves cancer cells in fluid around the lungs, while stage 4B includes spread to distant organs or lymph nodes outside the abdomen.
How is ovarian cancer treated?
At Moffitt, every patient receives an individualized treatment plan that is tailored to her unique preferences and needs. Treatment may comprise any combination of various options, which include:
- Surgery
- Chemotherapy
- Radiation therapy
- Targeted therapy
- Hormone therapy
Moffitt’s approach to ovarian cancer treatment
We understand that facing a diagnosis or suspicion of cancer can be overwhelming, which is why we provide the highest quality treatment and offer our services and support in one convenient location. At Moffitt’s gynecological clinic, patients receive personal care in a warm, elegant environment. Our patients benefit from:
- Cutting-edge treatment and technology – We perform various surgical procedures, many of which are done with the assistance of robotics for a minimally invasive approach. We also offer a wide range of options for care, including fertility preservation therapies and integrative medicine services such as yoga, massage and nutrition counseling.
- A multispecialty team – At Moffitt, we believe in taking a multispecialty approach to cancer treatment, which means that we have an entire team of specialists, as opposed to a single physician, working together to treat our patients. Each week, experts from all specialties get together in a tumor board review to discuss cases in detail. Our team consists of gynecologic oncologists, radiologists, pathologists, radiation oncologists, reproductive endocrinologists, experienced nurses, social workers and other supportive care providers.
- Nationally recognized research – As a National Cancer Institute-designated Comprehensive Cancer Center, we are developing new therapies for ovarian cancer and other gynecologic cancers every day. We offer our patients the latest options in clinical trials, and through those efforts, Moffitt is taking great strides in research and individualized care.
Please call 1-888-663-3488 or complete a new patient registration form online if you have any questions about ovarian cancer or would like to schedule an appointment. You do not need to have a referral to visit Moffitt Cancer Center.
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