Thyroid cancer begins in the thyroid, a butterfly-shaped gland located at the base of the neck. Composed of two main types of cells—follicular cells, which regulate the body’s metabolism, and parafollicular cells, which manage the body’s use of calcium—the thyroid produces hormones that control many important bodily processes, such as bone maintenance and heart, muscle and digestive function. Though relatively rare, thyroid cancer is one of the most common cancers of the endocrine system.

In some cases, thyroid cancer never grows or requires treatment. For instance, active surveillance may be considered as an alternative to immediate treatment for papillary microcarcinoma, which has a low risk of progressing and spreading.

When necessary, thyroid cancer treatment usually involves surgical removal of part or all of the thyroid (thyroidectomy). Radioactive iodine treatment may be administered after surgery to destroy any remaining cancerous cells. Additionally, if the entire gland was removed, hormone therapy will be needed to replace the natural hormones previously produced by the thyroid.

Early warning signs of thyroid cancer

In many cases, early-stage thyroid cancer does not produce noticeable symptoms. As the cancer progresses, the first sign may be a painless but fast-growing lump that can be felt at the base of the neck. The lump may feel noticeably firmer than the surrounding tissue.

What does thyroid cancer feel like?

In addition to a lump, other thyroid cancer symptoms that can be felt include:

A sensation of fullness in the throat
Vocal hoarseness
Difficulty swallowing or breathing
Persistent neck or throat pain
Coughing unrelated to a respiratory infection

What does thyroid cancer look like?

Thyroid cancer may cause visible swelling and lymph node enlargement in the neck and throat.

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Jeanine, Thyroid Cancer Patient

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Symptoms of advanced thyroid cancer

If thyroid cancer spreads (metastasizes) to other organs and tissues, it may produce additional symptoms, such as:

Pain in the affected area of the body
Nausea and vomiting
Loss of appetite
Unintended weight loss

The most common metastasis sites for thyroid cancer are the lungs, liver and bones.

Is hyperthyroidism a symptom of thyroid cancer?

Hyperthyroidism occurs when the thyroid gland overproduces the hormone thyroxine, which controls the body’s metabolic rate. Common symptoms of an overactive thyroid include weight loss, rapid or irregular heartbeat, nervousness, sweating and tremors.

Although studies suggest that up to 20% of people who are diagnosed with thyroid cancer also have hyperthyroidism, the condition is not considered to be a primary symptom of thyroid cancer.

Can thyroid cancer be prevented?

Most people who are diagnosed with thyroid cancer have no known risk factors, such as an enlarged thyroid (goiter) or a family history of thyroid disease. Therefore, the condition cannot be prevented in most cases. Because early-stage thyroid cancer usually does not cause noticeable symptoms, it is important for everyone to become familiar with the look and feel of their neck and throat and to periodically perform a self-exam for thyroid cancer. Here is a brief guide on how to check for thyroid lumps, swelling and other abnormalities:

Stand or sit up straight.
Hold a mirror in one hand.
Relax your neck muscles.
Slightly tilt your head back.
Take a sip of water and swallow.
As you swallow, look into the mirror, focusing on the lower front area of your neck, above your collarbones and below your voice box.
Using your fingers, lightly press on your neck, covering all areas, including the front, base and sides.
Take note of any lumps, bulges or protrusions that you can see or feel.

Although the vast majority of thyroid nodules are benign, it is still important to promptly discuss any unusual findings with a physician who can determine the cause.

Frequently asked questions (FAQs) about thyroid cancer signs and symptoms

The following FAQs-related articles provide additional information about thyroid cancer signs and symptoms:

Benefit from world-class care at Moffitt Cancer Center

If you have questions about the signs and symptoms of thyroid cancer, you can request an appointment with a specialist in Moffitt’s comprehensive Endocrine Program by calling 1-888-663-3488 or submitting a new patient registration form online. We do not require referrals.

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